Pharaoh

Pharaoh (פרעה, Tiberian Hebrew Parʿōh, Standard Hebrew Parʿo) is a title used to refer to the kings (of godly status) in ancient Egypt. See History of Egypt. See also monarch. The term derives ultimately from the Egyptian words pr-o, meaning "Great House". It was not commonly used by the Egyptians themselves to refer to their monarchs, but is frequently used by modern historians due to its use in the Bible, especially the Book of Exodus.

NB: the dates given must be regarded in most instances as approximate. Dating systems for Egyptian studies are quite various, depending on how they are constructed and what assumptions are used. Presented below is one such interpretation, but it is assuredly not the only one.

See also: Egyptian chronology, Conventional Egyptian chronology.

Table of contents

1 Archaic period 1.1 Predynastic: Lower Egypt 1.2 Predynastic: Upper Egypt 1.3 First Dynasty 1.4 Second Dynasty 2 Old Kingdom 2.5 Third Dynasty 2.6 Fourth Dynasty 2.7 Fifth Dynasty 2.8 Sixth Dynasty 3 First intermediate period 3.9 Seventh Dynasty 3.10 Eighth Dynasty 3.11 Ninth Dynasty 3.12 Tenth Dynasty 3.13 Eleventh Dynasty 4 Middle Kingdom 4.14 Twelfth Dynasty 5 Second intermediate period 5.15 Thirteenth Dynasty 5.16 Fourteenth Dynasty 5.17 Fifteenth Dynasty 5.18 Sixteenth Dynasty 5.19 Seventeenth Dynasty 6 New Kingdom 6.20 Eighteenth Dynasty 6.21 Nineteenth Dynasty 6.22 Twentieth Dynasty 7 Late Period 7.23 High Priests of Amun at Thebes 7.24 Twenty-first Dynasty 7.25 Twenty-second Dynasty 7.26 Twenty-third Dynasty 7.27 The Libu 7.28 Twenty-fourth Dynasty 7.29 Twenty-fifth Dynasty 7.30 Twenty-sixth Dynasty 7.31 Twenty-seventh Dynasty 7.32 Twenty-eighth Dynasty 7.33 Twenty-ninth Dynasty 7.34 Thirtieth Dynasty 7.35 Persians and Greeks 7.36 Ptolemaic Dynasty 7.37 Rome 8 External links

Archaic period

Predynastic: Lower Egypt

Lower Egypt, known as the Black Land, consisted of the northern Nile and the Nile Delta.

Name	Comments	Dates
Tiu	-	?
Thesh	-	?
Hsekiu	-	?
Wazner	-	c. 3050 ?

Predynastic: Upper Egypt

Upper Egypt, known as the Red Land, consisted of the southern Nile and the deserts.

Name	Comments	Dates
Ro	-	?
"Scorpion of Egypt"	-	c. 3150
Narmer	-	c. 3050

First Dynasty

Name	Comments	Dates
Hor-Aha	Menes in earlier lists	c. 3050 BCE
Djer	-	57 years
Merneith	Regent for Djet	-
Djet	-	-
Den	-	14 to 20 years
Anedjib	-	26 years
Semerkhet	-	9 to 18 years
Qa'a	-	2916 ?-2890

Second Dynasty

Name	Comments	Dates
Hotepsekhemwy	-	2890- ?
Raneb	-	39 years
Nynetjer	-	23 years
Wneg	-	8 years
Senedj	-	20 years
Seth-Peribsen	-	17 years
Khasekhemwy	-	? -2686

Old Kingdom

Third Dynasty

Name	Comments	Dates
Sanakhte	-	2686-2668
Djoser	Commissioned the Step Pyramid designed by Imhotep	2668-2649
Sekhemkhet	-	2649-2643
Khaba	-	2643-2637
Huni	-	2637-2613

Fourth Dynasty

Name	Comments	Dates
Sneferu	Built the Bent Pyramid and the Red Pyramid	2613-2589
Khufu (Cheops)	Commissioned one of the Great Pyramids at Giza	2589-2566
Djedefre	-	2566-2558
Khafre (Chephren)	-	2558-2532
Menkaure (Mycerinus)	-	2532-2504
Shepseskaf	-	2504-2500
Dedefptah	-	2500-2498

Fifth Dynasty

Name	Comments	Dates
Userkaf	-	2498-2491
Sahure	-	2487-2477
Neferirkare Kakai	-	2477-2467
Shepseskare Isi	-	2467-2460
Neferefre	-	2460-2453
Nyuserre Ini	-	2453-2422
Menkauhor Kaiu	-	2422-2414
Djedkare Isesi	-	2414-2375
Unas	-	2375-2345

Sixth Dynasty

Name	Comments	Dates
Teti	-	2345-2333
Userkare	-	2333-2332
Pepi I Meryre	-	2332-2283
Merenre Nemtyemsaf	-	2283-2278
Pepi II Neferkare	-	2278-2184
Merenre Antyemsaf II	-	2184
Netjerykare	-	2184-2183
Menkare	-	2183-2181

First intermediate period

Seventh Dynasty

Name	Comments	Dates
Neferkare I	-	2181- ?
Neferkare Neby	-	?
Djedure Shemai	-	?
Neferkare Khendu	-	?
Neferkamin	-	?
Nykare	-	?
Neferkare Tereru	-	?
Neferkahor	-	? -2173

Eighth Dynasty

Name	Comments	Dates
Wadjkare Pepysonbe	-	2173-2169
Neferkamin Anu	-	2169-2167
Qakare Ibi	-	2167-2163
Neferkare II	-	2163-2162
Neferkauhor Kapuibi	-	2162-2161
Neferirkare	-	2161-2160

Ninth Dynasty

Name	Comments	Dates
Meryibre Khety (Achthoes I)	-	2160- ?
Meribre Khety II	-	?
Neferkare III	-	?
Nebkaure (Acthoes II)	-	?
Setut	-	?
Wakhare Khety I	-	?
Merykare	-	?
Wankhare Khety II	-	?
Menethoupe I	-	?
Wankhare Khety III	-	?
Khety II	-	?
Khety II's daughter	-	?
Merikare's daughter	-	? -2130

Tenth Dynasty

The X Dynasty was a local group that held sway over Upper Egypt.

Name	Comments	Dates
Meryhathor	-	2130- ?
Neferkare IV	-	?
Wankare (Acthoes III)	-	?
Merykare	-	?
---	-	? -2040

Eleventh Dynasty

The XI Dynasty was a local group with roots in Lower Egypt.

Name	Comments	Dates
Intef I	-	2134-2117
Intef II	-	2117-2069
Intef III	-	2069-2060
Nebhetepre Mentuhotep I	Gained all Egypt 2040, Middle Kingdom begins.	2060-2010
Sankhkare Mentuhotep II	-	2010-1998
Nebtawyre Mentuhotep III	-	1997-1991

Middle Kingdom

Twelfth Dynasty

Name	Comments	Dates
Amenemhat I	-	1991-1962
Senusret I(Sesostris I)	-	1971-1926
Amenemhat II	-	1929-1895
Senusret II(Sesostris II)	-	1897-1878
Senusret III(Sesostris III)	-	1878-1841
Amenemhat III	-	1842-1797
Amenemhat IV	-	1798-1786
Sobeknefru	A rare female ruler.	1785-1782

Second intermediate period

Thirteenth Dynasty

Name	Comments	Dates
Sobkhotep I	-	1786- ? (5+ yrs.)
Senbuef	-	3 or more yrs.
Sehetepibre	-	c. 1770-1769
Ameny Intef IV (Amenemhet V)	-	? -1760
Amu Sihornerjheryotef	-	?
Renseneb	-	4 mo. in c. 1760
Hor	-	c. 1760
Sobekhotep II (Amenemhet VI)	-	c. 1750
Ugaf	-	2 years
Senusret IV	-	?
Khendjer	-	4 yrs, incl. c. 1747
Semenkhkare	-	?
Sobekemsaf I	-	?
Sobekhotep III	-	c. 1745
Neferhotep I	-	1741-1730
Sobekhotep IV	-	1730-1720
Merneferre Ai	-	c. 1720
Neferhotep II	-	?
Dudimose I	-	c. 1674
Dudimose II	-	?
Senebmiu	-	?
Mentuhotep V	-	?
Senaayeb	-	?

Fourteenth Dynasty

The XIV Dynasty was a local group from the eastern Delta, based at Xois (Avaris).

Name	Comments	Dates
Nehesy	-	c. 1705
Khakherewre	-	?
Nebefawre	-	c. 1704
Sehebre	-	?
Merdjefare	-	c. 1699
Sewadjkare	-	?
Nebdjefare	-	c. 1694
Webenre	-	?
?	-	?
---djefare	-	?
---webenre	-	c. 1690

The source provides an additional 25 names, some fragmented, and no dates. None are attested to elsewhere, and all are of very dubious provenance.

Fifteenth Dynasty

The XV Dynasty arose from among the Hyskos people: desert Bedouins who emerged out of the Fertile Crescent to establish a short-lived governance over much of the Nile region.

Name	Comments	Dates
Sheshi	Ruled either 1 or 3 years	1674- ?
Yakubher	-	8 years
Khyan	-	?
Apepi I	-	40 years or more
Apepi II	-	?
Khamudy	-	? -1567

Sixteenth Dynasty

The XVI Dynasty was a local group based on the north coast of the Sinai (Pelusium).

Name	Comments	Dates
Anather	-	1663- ?
Yakobaam	-	?

Some sources include as many as six more names (Semqen, Khauserre, Seket, Ahetepre, Amu, and Nebkhepeshre (Apepi III)) - none are attested to elsewhere. This group seems to have disappeared entirely by 1555 BC.

Seventeenth Dynasty

The XVII Dynasty was based in Upper Egypt.

Name	Comments	Dates
Rehotep	-	1650- ?
Intef V the Elder	-	3 years
Intef VI	-	?
Sobekemsaf II	-	16 years
Thuty	-	1 year
Mentuhotep VI	-	1 year
Nebiryerawet I	-	6 years
Nebiryerawet II	-	?
Semenmedjatre	-	?
Seuserenre	-	12 years
Shedwast	-	?
Intef VII	-	3 or more years
Senakhtenre	-	?
Tao I the Elder	-	c. 1633
Tao II the Brave	-	c. 1574
Kamose	-	1573-1570

New Kingdom

Eighteenth Dynasty

Name	Comments	Dates
Ahmose, Ahmosis I	Successor to Kamose, above.	1570-1546
Amenhotep I	-	1551-1524
Djehutymes I (Tuthmosis I)	-	1525-1518
Djehutymes II (Tuthmosis II)	-	1518-1504
Djehutymes III (Tuthmosis III)	-	1503-1450
Hatshepsut	A rare female ruler	1498-1483
Amenhotep II	-	1453-1419
Djehutymes IV (Tuthmosis IV)	-	1419-1386
Amenhotep III	-	1386-1349
Amenhotep IV Akhnaten	Founder of brief period of monotheism Aten	1350-1334
Smenkhkare	-	1336-1334
Tutankhamun	-	1334-1325
Kheperkheprure Ai	-	1325-1321
Horemheb	Former General and advisor to Tutankhamun	1321-1293

Nineteenth Dynasty

Name	Comments	Dates
Rameses I	-	1293-1291
Seti I	-	1291-1278
Rameses II the Great	The ruler usually associated with Moses	1279-1212
Merneptah	-	1212-1202
Amenemses	-	1202-1199
Seti II	-	1199-1193
Merneptah Siptah	-	1193-1187
Twosret	A rare female ruler	1187-1185

Twentieth Dynasty

Name	Comments	Dates
Setnakhte	-	1185-1182
Rameses III	-	1182-1151
Rameses IV	-	1151-1145
Rameses V	-	1145-1141
Rameses VI	-	1141-1133
Rameses VII	-	1133-1126
Rameses VIII	-	1126
Rameses IX	-	1126-1108
Rameses X	-	1108-1098
Rameses XI	-	1098-1070

Late Period

High Priests of Amun at Thebes

While not regarded as a dynasty per se, these theocrats were nevertheless of such power and influence that they were effectively the rulers of Upper Egypt.

Name	Comments	Dates
Herihor	-	1080-1074
Piankh	-	1074-1070
Pinedjem I	-	1070-1045
Masaherta	-	1045-992
Nesbanebdjed II	-	992-990
Pinedjem II	-	990-969
Pasebakhaennuit III	-	969-945

Twenty-first Dynasty

Based at Tanis. A relatively weak group – theoretically rulers of all Egypt, but in practice their influence was limited to Lower Egypt.

Name	Comments	Dates
Nesbanebdjed I	-	1069-1043
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