Gzip is short for GNUZip, a GNU open-source replacement for the Unix 'compress' program.
Gzip is based on the 'deflate' algorithm, which is a combination of LZ77 and Huffman coding. 'Deflate' was developed in response to patents that covered LZW and other compression algorithms and limited the usability of 'compress' and other popular archivers.
In order to make it easier to develop software that uses compression, the zlib library was created. It supports the gzip file format and 'deflate' compression. The library is widely used, because of its small size, efficiency and versatility. Both gzip and zlib were written by Jean-Loup Gailly and Mark Adler. Since the late-1990s there has been some movement from gzip to bzip2 which produces considerably smaller files.
The zlib compressed data format, the 'deflate' algorithm and the Gzip file format were standardised respectively as RFC 1950, RFC 1951 and RFC 1952.
The usual file extension for gzipped files is .gz. Unix software is often distributed as files ending with .tar.gz or .tgz, called tarballs. They are files first packaged with tar and then compressed with gzip. They can be decompressed with gzip -d file.tar.gz or unpacked with tar xzf file.tar.gz. Nowadays more and more software is instead distributed as .tar.bz2 archives because bzip2 compresses files better than gzip.
