The world's top knowledge 1 websites

<h1>Knowledge</h1><strong><em>Knowledge</strong></em> is a term with many meanings depending on context, but is as a rule closely related to such concepts as <A HREF="http://allwebhunt.com/wiki-article-tab.cfm/meaning" title="Meaning">meaning</A>, <A HREF="http://allwebhunt.com/wiki-article-tab.cfm/information" title="Information">information</A>, <A HREF="http://allwebhunt.com/wiki-article-tab.cfm/instruction" title="Instruction">instruction</A>, <A HREF="http://allwebhunt.com/wiki-article-tab.cfm/communication" title="Communication">communication</A>, <A HREF="http://allwebhunt.com/wiki-article-tab.cfm/representation" title="Representation">representation</A>, <A HREF="http://allwebhunt.com/wiki-article-tab.cfm/learning" title="Learning">learning</A> and <A HREF="http://allwebhunt.com/wiki-article-tab.cfm/cognition" title="Cognition">mental stimulus</A>. <p>
Knowledge is distinct from information. Both knowledge and information consist of true statements, but knowledge is information that has a purpose or use. Philosophers would describe this as <A HREF="http://allwebhunt.com/wiki-article-tab.cfm/information" title="Information">information</A> associated with <A HREF="http://allwebhunt.com/wiki-article-tab.cfm/intentionality" title="Intentionality">intentionality</A>.  The study of knowledge is called <A HREF="http://allwebhunt.com/wiki-article-tab.cfm/epistemology_1" title="Epistemology">epistemology</A>.<p>
A common definition of knowledge is that it consists of <A HREF="http://allwebhunt.com/wiki-article-tab.cfm/theory_of_justification" title="Theory of justification">justified</A> <A HREF="http://allwebhunt.com/wiki-article-tab.cfm/truth" title="Truth">true</A> <A HREF="http://allwebhunt.com/wiki-article-tab.cfm/belief" title="Belief">belief</A>. This definition derives from <A HREF="http://allwebhunt.com/wiki-article-tab.cfm/plato" title="Plato">Plato</A>'s <A HREF="http://allwebhunt.com/wiki-article-tab.cfm/theaetetus" title="Theaetetus">Theaetetus</A>. It is considered to set out necessary, but not sufficient, conditions for some statement to count as knowledge.<p>
What constitutes knowledge, certainty and <A HREF="http://allwebhunt.com/wiki-article-tab.cfm/truth" title="Truth">truth</A> are controversial issues. These issues are debated by <A HREF="http://allwebhunt.com/wiki-article-tab.cfm/philosopher" title="Philosopher">philosophers</A>, <A HREF="http://allwebhunt.com/wiki-article-tab.cfm/social_sciences" title="Social sciences">social scientists</A>, and <A HREF="http://allwebhunt.com/wiki-article-tab.cfm/history_2" title="History">historians</A>. <A HREF="http://allwebhunt.com/wiki-article-tab.cfm/ludwig_wittgenstein" title="Ludwig Wittgenstein">Ludwig Wittgenstein</A> wrote "On Certainty" - aphorisms on these concepts - exploring relationships between knowledge and certainty. A thread of his concern has become an entire field, the <A HREF="http://allwebhunt.com/wiki-article-tab.cfm/philosophy_of_action" title="Philosophy of action">philosophy of action</A>.<p>
		
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<b>Table of contents</b> </td></tr><tr id='tocinside'><td align="left">
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<A CLASS="internal" HREF="#Deriving knowledge">1 Deriving knowledge</A><BR>
<A CLASS="internal" HREF="#Distinguishing <em>knowing that</em> from <em>knowing how</em>">2 Distinguishing <em>knowing that</em> from <em>knowing how</em></A><BR>
<A CLASS="internal" HREF="#Inferential vs. factual knowledge">3 Inferential vs. factual knowledge</A><BR>
<A CLASS="internal" HREF="#The problem of justification">4 The problem of justification</A><BR>
<div style="margin-left:2em;">
<A CLASS="internal" HREF="#Externalist responses">4.1 Externalist responses</A><BR>
</div>
<A CLASS="internal" HREF="#Skepticism">5 Skepticism</A><BR>
<A CLASS="internal" HREF="#See also">6 See also</A><BR>
<A CLASS="internal" HREF="#External links">7 External links</A><BR>
<A CLASS="internal" HREF="#References">8 References</A><BR>
</td></tr></table><P>
<A NAME=""><H2>Deriving knowledge</H2><p>
One way of deriving and verifying knowledge is from tradition or from generally recognized <A HREF="http://allwebhunt.com/wiki-article-tab.cfm/appeal_to_authority" title="Appeal to authority">authority</A>. Knowledge may also be claimed for the pronouncements of secular or <A HREF="http://allwebhunt.com/wiki-article-tab.cfm/religion" title="Religion">religious</A> authority such as the <A HREF="http://allwebhunt.com/wiki-article-tab.cfm/state" title="State">state</A> or the <A HREF="http://allwebhunt.com/wiki-article-tab.cfm/church" title="Church">church</A>.<p>
In <A HREF="http://allwebhunt.com/wiki-article-tab.cfm/judaism" title="Judaism">Jewish</A>, <A HREF="http://allwebhunt.com/wiki-article-tab.cfm/christianity_1" title="Christianity">Christian</A> and <A HREF="http://allwebhunt.com/wiki-article-tab.cfm/islam_1" title="Islam">Islamic</A> traditions, there has always been a considerable tension on the issue of authority versus experience in the formation of knowledge. Early <A HREF="http://allwebhunt.com/wiki-article-tab.cfm/christian_philosophy" title="Christian philosophy">Christian philosophy</A> contrasted <A HREF="http://allwebhunt.com/wiki-article-tab.cfm/revelation" title="Revelation">revelation</A> from God with knowledge gained by reason.  <A HREF="http://allwebhunt.com/wiki-article-tab.cfm/st__augustine" title="St. Augustine">St. Augustine</A> for instance put the knowledge of classical philosophers, especially <A HREF="http://allwebhunt.com/wiki-article-tab.cfm/plato" title="Plato">Plato</A>, into a Christian framework.  Experimental knowledge was discounted.  <A HREF="http://allwebhunt.com/wiki-article-tab.cfm/early_muslim_philosophy" title="Early Muslim philosophy">Early Muslim philosophy</A>, especially the <A HREF="http://allwebhunt.com/wiki-article-tab.cfm/mu_tazili" title="Mu'tazili">Mutazilite</A> school, medieval <A HREF="http://allwebhunt.com/wiki-article-tab.cfm/jewish_philosophy" title="Jewish philosophy">Jewish philosophy</A>, and later Christian work, especially that of <A HREF="http://allwebhunt.com/wiki-article-tab.cfm/thomas_aquinas" title="Thomas Aquinas">Thomas Aquinas</A>, focused on <A HREF="http://allwebhunt.com/wiki-article-tab.cfm/aristotle" title="Aristotle">Aristotle</A>'s views. These were vast controversies stretching over centuries.  The (eventually dominant) <A HREF="http://allwebhunt.com/wiki-article-tab.cfm/asharite" title="Asharite">Asharite</A> school of Islamic scholars, for instance, strongly rejected most views of Aristotle, while the <A HREF="http://allwebhunt.com/wiki-article-tab.cfm/roman_catholic_church_1" title="Roman Catholic Church">Roman Catholic</A> tradition generally embraced them.  Such efforts to provide an ethical or spiritual basis for the foundations of knowledge continue to this day in the <A HREF="http://allwebhunt.com/wiki-article-tab.cfm/sociology_of_knowledge" title="Sociology of knowledge">sociology of knowledge</A>, <A HREF="http://allwebhunt.com/wiki-article-tab.cfm/islamization_of_knowledge" title="Islamization of knowledge">Islamization of knowledge</A>, and the many and varied strains of <A HREF="http://allwebhunt.com/wiki-article-tab.cfm/economics_1" title="Economics">economics</A>.<p>
A second way to derive knowledge is by <A HREF="http://allwebhunt.com/wiki-article-tab.cfm/observation" title="Observation">observation</A> and <A HREF="http://allwebhunt.com/wiki-article-tab.cfm/experiment" title="Experiment">experiment</A>. It is not free of <A HREF="http://allwebhunt.com/wiki-article-tab.cfm/uncertainty" title="Uncertainty">uncertainty</A>, as errors of observation or interpretation may occur, and any <A HREF="http://allwebhunt.com/wiki-article-tab.cfm/sense" title="Sense">sense</A> can be deceived by <A HREF="http://allwebhunt.com/wiki-article-tab.cfm/illusion" title="Illusion">illusions</A>.<p>
Knowledge may also be derived by <A HREF="http://allwebhunt.com/wiki-article-tab.cfm/logic_1" title="Logic">reason</A> from either traditional, authoritative, or experiential sources or a combination of them. Inferential knowledge is based on <A HREF="http://allwebhunt.com/wiki-article-tab.cfm/logic_1" title="Logic">reasoning</A> from facts or from other inferential knowledge such as a theory.<p>
<A NAME=""><H2>Distinguishing <em>knowing that</em> from <em>knowing how</em></H2><p>
Suppose that Fred says to you: "The fastest <A HREF="http://allwebhunt.com/wiki-article-tab.cfm/swimming" title="Swimming">swimming</A> stroke is the <A HREF="http://allwebhunt.com/wiki-article-tab.cfm/front_crawl" title="Front crawl">front crawl</A>. One performs the front crawl by oscillating the legs at the hip, and moving the arms in an approximately circular motion". Here, Fred has <A HREF="http://allwebhunt.com/wiki-article-tab.cfm/propositional_knowledge" title="Propositional knowledge">propositional knowledge</A> of swimming and how to perform the front crawl.<p>
However, if Fred acquired this propositional knowledge from an <A HREF="http://allwebhunt.com/wiki-article-tab.cfm/encyclopedia_1" title="Encyclopedia">encyclopedia</A>, he will not have acquired the <A HREF="http://allwebhunt.com/wiki-article-tab.cfm/skill" title="Skill">skill</A> of swimming: he has some propositional knowledge, but does not have any <A HREF="http://allwebhunt.com/wiki-article-tab.cfm/know_how" title="Know-how">know-how</A>. In general, one can demonstrate know-how by performing the task in question, but it is harder to demonstrate propositional knowledge.<p>
<A NAME=""><H2>Inferential vs. factual knowledge</H2><p>
Knowledge may be factual or inferential.  Factual knowledge is based on direct <A HREF="http://allwebhunt.com/wiki-article-tab.cfm/observation" title="Observation">observation</A>. It is still not free of <A HREF="http://allwebhunt.com/wiki-article-tab.cfm/uncertainty" title="Uncertainty">uncertainty</A>, as <A HREF="http://allwebhunt.com/wiki-article-tab.cfm/error" title="Error">errors</A> of observation or interpretation may occur, and any <A HREF="http://allwebhunt.com/wiki-article-tab.cfm/sense" title="Sense">sense</A> can be deceived by <A HREF="http://allwebhunt.com/wiki-article-tab.cfm/illusion" title="Illusion">illusions</A>.     <p>
Inferential knowledge is based on <A HREF="http://allwebhunt.com/wiki-article-tab.cfm/logic_1" title="Logic">reasoning</A> from facts or from other inferential knowledge such as a <A HREF="http://allwebhunt.com/wiki-article-tab.cfm/theory" title="Theory">theory</A>.  Such knowledge may or may not be <A HREF="http://allwebhunt.com/wiki-article-tab.cfm/formal_verification" title="Formal verification">verifiable</A> by observation or <A HREF="http://allwebhunt.com/wiki-article-tab.cfm/test" title="Test">testing</A>. For example, all knowledge of the <A HREF="http://allwebhunt.com/wiki-article-tab.cfm/atom" title="Atom">atom</A> is inferential knowledge. The distinction between factual knowledge and inferential knowledge has been explored by the discipline of <A HREF="http://allwebhunt.com/wiki-article-tab.cfm/general_semantics" title="General Semantics">general semantics</A>. <p>
<p>
<A NAME=""><H2>The problem of justification</H2><p>
In philosophy, knowledge is held to be a belief that is true, actionable and <em>justified</em>. But how do we justify that our beliefs are true knowledge?<p>
Justification and evidence are both epistemic features of belief. Justification and evidence are, in other words, both qualities that indicate that the belief is true. We could try out other epistemic features in the definition of knowledge, if we wanted to. Instead of "justified true belief" or "true belief with evidence," we could say that knowledge is "rational true belief" or "warranted true belief." For our purposes, the differences between these different options don't matter. The whole point is that, to be knowledge, a belief has to have some positive epistemic feature; it can't be arbitrary or random or irrational. The <A HREF="http://allwebhunt.com/wiki-article-tab.cfm/theory_of_justification" title="Theory of justification">Theory of justification</A> deals with these issues in more detail.<p>
Another problem with defining knowledge is known as the "<A HREF="http://allwebhunt.com/wiki-article-tab.cfm/gettier_problem" title="Gettier problem">Gettier problem</A>". The Gettier problem arises when we give certain kinds of counterexamples to the JTB (justified true belief) definition. A counterexample is a case where the definition applies, but the word defined doesn't; or a case where the word defined applies, but the definition doesn't. Gettier counterexamples are examples where the definition, justified, true belief applies; but one nevertheless still doesn't have knowledge, so the word "knowledge" doesn't apply in that case. <p>
<A NAME=""><H3>Externalist responses</H3><p>
Gettier's article was published in 1963. Right after that, for a good decade or more, there was an enormous number of articles trying to supply the missing fourth condition of knowledge. The big project was to try to figure out the "X" in the equation, Knowledge = belief + truth + justification + X. Whenever someone proposed an answer, someone else would come up with a new counterexample to shoot down that definition.<p>
Some of the proposed solutions involve factors external to the agent. These responses are therefore called <A HREF="http://allwebhunt.com/wiki-article-tab.cfm/internalism_and_externalism" title="Internalism and Externalism">externalism</A>. For example, one externalist response to the Gettier problem is to say that the justified, true belief must be caused (in the right sort of way) by the relevant facts.<p>
<A NAME=""><H2>Skepticism</H2><p>
When scientists or philosophers ask "Is knowledge possible?", they mean to say "Am I ever sufficiently justified in believing something in order to have knowledge?" Adherents of <A HREF="http://allwebhunt.com/wiki-article-tab.cfm/philosophical_skepticism" title="Philosophical skepticism">Philosophical skepticism</A> often say "no". Philosopical skepticism is the position which critically examines whether the knowledge and perceptions people have is true; adherents of this position hold that one can never obtain true knowledge, since justification is never certain. This is a different position from <A HREF="http://allwebhunt.com/wiki-article-tab.cfm/scientific_skepticism" title="Scientific skepticism">Scientific skepticism</A>, which is the practical stance that one should not accept the veracity of claims until solid evidence is produced.<p>
<A NAME=""><H2>See also</H2><p>
<A HREF="http://allwebhunt.com/wiki-article-tab.cfm/epistemology_1" title="Epistemology">Epistemology</A> | <A HREF="http://allwebhunt.com/wiki-article-tab.cfm/truth" title="Truth">Truth</A> | <A HREF="http://allwebhunt.com/wiki-article-tab.cfm/wisdom" title="Wisdom">Wisdom</A> | <A HREF="http://allwebhunt.com/wiki-article-tab.cfm/belief" title="Belief">Belief</A> | <A HREF="http://allwebhunt.com/wiki-article-tab.cfm/truth" title="Truth">Truth</A> | <A HREF="http://allwebhunt.com/wiki-article-tab.cfm/epistemology_1" title="Epistemology">Epistemology</A> | <A HREF="http://allwebhunt.com/wiki-article-tab.cfm/information" title="Information">Information</A> | <A HREF="http://allwebhunt.com/wiki-article-tab.cfm/knowledge_relativity" title="Knowledge relativity">knowledge relativity</A> | <A HREF="http://allwebhunt.com/wiki-article-tab.cfm/semantic_memory" title="Semantic memory">Semantic memory</A> | 
<A HREF="http://allwebhunt.com/wiki-article-tab.cfm/analytic_proposition" title="Analytic proposition">Analytic proposition</A>&nbsp;| 
<A HREF="http://allwebhunt.com/wiki-article-tab.cfm/business_intelligence" title="Business intelligence">Business intelligence</A>&nbsp;| 
<A HREF="http://allwebhunt.com/wiki-article-tab.cfm/cognition" title="Cognition">Cognition</A>&nbsp;| 
<A HREF="http://allwebhunt.com/wiki-article-tab.cfm/cognitive_ontology" title="Cognitive ontology">Cognitive ontology</A>&nbsp;| 
<A HREF="http://allwebhunt.com/wiki-article-tab.cfm/confirmation__sacrament_" title="Confirmation (sacrament)">Confirmation (sacrament)</A>&nbsp;| 
<A HREF="http://allwebhunt.com/wiki-article-tab.cfm/data" title="Data">Data</A>&nbsp;| 
<A HREF="http://allwebhunt.com/wiki-article-tab.cfm/deconstruction" title="Deconstruction">Deconstruction</A>&nbsp;| 
<A HREF="http://allwebhunt.com/wiki-article-tab.cfm/definition_1" title="Definition">Definition</A>&nbsp;| 
<A HREF="http://allwebhunt.com/wiki-article-tab.cfm/education_1" title="Education">Education</A>&nbsp;| 
<A HREF="http://allwebhunt.com/wiki-article-tab.cfm/encyclopedia_galactica" title="Encyclopedia Galactica">Encyclopedia Galactica</A>&nbsp;| 
<A HREF="http://allwebhunt.com/wiki-article-tab.cfm/encyclopedia_1" title="Encyclopedia">Encyclopedia</A>&nbsp;| 
<A HREF="http://allwebhunt.com/wiki-article-tab.cfm/epistemology_1" title="Epistemology">Epistemology</A>&nbsp;| 
<A HREF="http://allwebhunt.com/wiki-article-tab.cfm/esoteric_knowledge" title="Esoteric knowledge">Esoteric knowledge</A>&nbsp;| 
<A HREF="http://allwebhunt.com/wiki-article-tab.cfm/experience" title="Experience">Experience</A>&nbsp;| 
<A HREF="http://allwebhunt.com/wiki-article-tab.cfm/expertise" title="Expertise">Expertise</A>&nbsp;| 
<A HREF="http://allwebhunt.com/wiki-article-tab.cfm/feedback" title="Feedback">Feedback</A>&nbsp;| 
<A HREF="http://allwebhunt.com/wiki-article-tab.cfm/guild" title="Guild">Guild</A>&nbsp;| 
<A HREF="http://allwebhunt.com/wiki-article-tab.cfm/how_to_1" title="How-to">How-to</A>'s&nbsp;| 
<A HREF="http://allwebhunt.com/wiki-article-tab.cfm/ignorance" title="Ignorance">Ignorance</A>&nbsp;|
<A HREF="http://allwebhunt.com/wiki-article-tab.cfm/information" title="Information">Information</A>&nbsp;|
<A HREF="http://allwebhunt.com/wiki-article-tab.cfm/information_good" title="Information good">Information good</A>&nbsp;|
<A HREF="http://allwebhunt.com/wiki-article-tab.cfm/information_pyramid" title="Information pyramid">Information pyramid</A>&nbsp;|
<A HREF="http://allwebhunt.com/wiki-article-tab.cfm/intellectual_worker" title="Intellectual worker">Intellectual worker</A>&nbsp;| 
<A HREF="http://allwebhunt.com/wiki-article-tab.cfm/internet_research" title="Internet research">Internet research</A>&nbsp;|
<A HREF="http://allwebhunt.com/wiki-article-tab.cfm/intuition" title="Intuition">Intuition</A>&nbsp;| 
<A HREF="http://allwebhunt.com/wiki-article-tab.cfm/epistemology_1" title="Epistemology">Knowledge (philosophy)</A>&nbsp;| 
<A HREF="http://allwebhunt.com/wiki-article-tab.cfm/knowledge_creation" title="Knowledge creation">Knowledge creation</A>&nbsp;| 
<A HREF="http://allwebhunt.com/wiki-article-tab.cfm/knowledge_engineering" title="Knowledge engineering">Knowledge engineering</A>&nbsp;| 
<A HREF="http://allwebhunt.com/wiki-article-tab.cfm/knowledge_management" title="Knowledge management">Knowledge management</A>&nbsp;| 
<A HREF="http://allwebhunt.com/wiki-article-tab.cfm/knowledge_representation" title="Knowledge representation">Knowledge representation</A>&nbsp;| 
<A HREF="http://allwebhunt.com/wiki-article-tab.cfm/knowledgeweb_project" title="KnowledgeWeb Project">KnowledgeWeb Project</A>&nbsp;| 
<A HREF="http://allwebhunt.com/wiki-article-tab.cfm/left_hand_path_1" title="Left-Hand Path">Left-Hand Path</A>&nbsp;| 
<A HREF="http://allwebhunt.com/wiki-article-tab.cfm/list_of_philosophical_topics__a_c_" title="List of philosophical topics (A-C)">List of philosophical topics</A>&nbsp;| 
<A HREF="http://allwebhunt.com/wiki-article-tab.cfm/market_transparency" title="Market transparency">Market transparency</A>&nbsp;| 
<A HREF="http://allwebhunt.com/wiki-article-tab.cfm/metalibrary" title="Metalibrary">Metalibrary</A>&nbsp;| 
<A HREF="http://allwebhunt.com/wiki-article-tab.cfm/mind_mapping" title="Mind mapping">Mind mapping</A>&nbsp;| 
<A HREF="http://allwebhunt.com/wiki-article-tab.cfm/nihilism" title="Nihilism">Nihilism</A>&nbsp;| 
<A HREF="http://allwebhunt.com/wiki-article-tab.cfm/ontology_1" title="Ontology">Ontological distinction</A>&nbsp;| 
<A HREF="http://allwebhunt.com/wiki-article-tab.cfm/openfacts" title="OpenFacts">OpenFacts</A>&nbsp;| 
<A HREF="http://allwebhunt.com/wiki-article-tab.cfm/personal_experience" title="Personal experience">Personal experience</A>&nbsp;|
<A HREF="http://allwebhunt.com/wiki-article-tab.cfm/philosophical_skepticism" title="Philosophical skepticism">Philosophical skepticism</A>&nbsp;| 
<A HREF="http://allwebhunt.com/wiki-article-tab.cfm/philosophy_1" title="Philosophy">Philosophy</A>&nbsp;| 
<A HREF="http://allwebhunt.com/wiki-article-tab.cfm/procedural_knowledge" title="Procedural knowledge">Procedural knowledge</A>&nbsp;| 
<A HREF="http://allwebhunt.com/wiki-article-tab.cfm/profession" title="Profession">Profession</A>&nbsp;| 
<A HREF="http://allwebhunt.com/wiki-article-tab.cfm/propositional_knowledge" title="Propositional knowledge">Propositional knowledge</A> (Contains some material that should probably be copied/moved over!) &nbsp;| 
<A HREF="http://allwebhunt.com/wiki-article-tab.cfm/research" title="Research">Research</A>&nbsp;| 
<A HREF="http://allwebhunt.com/wiki-article-tab.cfm/science_education" title="Science education">Science education</A>&nbsp;| 
<A HREF="http://allwebhunt.com/wiki-article-tab.cfm/science_1" title="Science">Science</A>&nbsp;| 
<A HREF="http://allwebhunt.com/wiki-article-tab.cfm/scientific_method_1" title="Scientific method">Scientific method</A>&nbsp;| 
<A HREF="http://allwebhunt.com/wiki-article-tab.cfm/scientific_revolution" title="Scientific Revolution">Scientific revolution</A>&nbsp;| 
<A HREF="http://allwebhunt.com/wiki-article-tab.cfm/scientific_enterprise" title="Scientific enterprise">Scientific enterprise</A>&nbsp;| 
<A HREF="http://allwebhunt.com/wiki-article-tab.cfm/situated_learning" title="Situated learning">Situated learning</A>&nbsp;| 
<A HREF="http://allwebhunt.com/wiki-article-tab.cfm/storage" title="Storage">Storage</A>&nbsp;| 
<A HREF="http://allwebhunt.com/wiki-article-tab.cfm/streetwise" title="Streetwise">Streetwise</A>&nbsp;| 
<A HREF="http://allwebhunt.com/wiki-article-tab.cfm/technocracy" title="Technocracy">Technocracy</A>&nbsp;| 
<A HREF="http://allwebhunt.com/wiki-article-tab.cfm/test__student_assessment_" title="Test (student assessment)">Test (student assessment)</A>&nbsp;| 
<A HREF="http://allwebhunt.com/wiki-article-tab.cfm/text_mining" title="Text mining">Text mining</A>&nbsp;| 
<A HREF="http://allwebhunt.com/wiki-article-tab.cfm/truth" title="Truth">Truth</A>&nbsp;|
<A HREF="http://allwebhunt.com/wiki-article-tab.cfm/understanding" title="Understanding">Understanding</A>&nbsp;| 
<A HREF="http://allwebhunt.com/wiki-article-tab.cfm/voluntary_simplicity" title="Voluntary simplicity">Voluntary simplicity</A>&nbsp;| 
<A HREF="http://allwebhunt.com/wiki-article-tab.cfm/world_view" title="World view">World view</A>&nbsp;|<p>
<A NAME=""><H2>External links</H2><p>
<ul><li> <A HREF="http://polywog.navpoint.com/philosophy/epistemology/gettier_prob/" class="external">The Gettier problem: Justified true belief?</A>
</li><li> <A HREF="http://www.princeton.edu/~jimpryor/courses/epist/notes/gettier.html" class="external">Theory of Knowledge: The Gettier problem</A><p>
</li></ul><A NAME=""><H2>References</H2><p>
<ul><li> Creath, Richard, "Induction and the Gettier Problem", Philosophy and Phenomenological Research, Vol.LII, No.2, June 1992.
</li><li> Feldman, Richard, "An Alleged Defect in Gettier Counterexamples", Australasian Journal of Philosophy, 52 (1974): 68-69.
</li><li> Gettier, Edmund, "Is Justified True Belief Knowledge?", Analysis 23 (1963): 121-23.
</li><li> Goldman, Alvin I., "Discrimination and Perceptual Knowledge", Journal of Philosophy, 73.20 (1976), 771-791.
</li><li> Hetherington, Stephen, "Actually Knowing", The Philosophical Quarterly, Vol.48, No. 193, October 1998.
</li><li> Lehrer, Keith and Thomas D. Paxon, Jr., "Knowledge: Undefeated Justified True Belief", The Journal of Philosophy, 66.8 (1969), 225-237.
</li><li> Levi, Don S., "The Gettier Problem and the Parable of the Ten Coins", Philosophy, 70, 1995.
</li><li> Swain, Marshall, "Epistemic Defeasibility", American Philosophical Quarterly, Vol.II, No.I, January 1974.<p>
</li></ul><p>
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