Vector Markup Language
It is an XML language used to produce vector graphics. VML was submitted as a proposed standard to the W3C in 1998 by Microsoft, Macromedia, and others. VML was rejected as a web standard because Adobe, Sun, and others submitted a competing proposal known as PGML. The two standards were joined and improved upon to create SVG.
Even though rejected as a standard by the W3C, and typically ignored by developers, Microsoft still implemented VML into Microsoft Internet Explorer 5.0 and higher and in Microsoft Office 2000 and higher.
View Mapping Language
It is a declarative mapping language to define a bi-directional mapping specification. This was developed by Robert Amor during his phd.
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