• Abrasive
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Heilongjiang

Heilongjiang located in Manchuria, also called Northeast China. It borders Jilin in the South and Inner Mongolia to the East; it also borders Russia to the north.

The Amur River marks the border between China and Russia to the north. Heilongjiang contains China's northernmost point (in Mohe County along the Amur) and easternmost point (at the junction of the Amur and Ussuri Rivers).

黑龙江省/黑龍江省
Hēilóngjiāng Shěng

Province Abbreviation(s): 黑 Hēi
Capital	Harbin
Area  - Total  - % water	Ranked 6th 469,000 km² xx%
Population  - Total (2000)  - Density	Ranked 15th 36,890,000 80/km²
Administration Type	Province
Governor	Zhang Zuoji

Table of contents

1 History 2 Geography 3 Economy 4 Demographics 5 Culture 6 Tourism 7 Subdivisions 8 Miscellaneous topics 8.1 Colleges and universities

History

In ancient times Heilongjiang was far from any literate civilization, and information was sparse. From Chinese and other sources we learn that Heilongjiang was inhabited by people such as the Xianbei, the Mohe, and the Khitan. The eastern portion of Heilongjiang was ruled by the Mohe kingdom of Bohai between the 7th and 10th centuries. Later on the ethnically Jurchen Jin Dynasty (1115-1234) that went on to rule much of north China had its roots within the borders of modern Heilongjiang.

Under the Manchu Qing Dynasty, The western part of Heilongjiang was under the supervision of the General of Heilongjiang, whose power extended, according to the Treaty of Nerchinsk, as far north as the Stanovoy Mountains; eastern Heilongjiang was under the supervision of the General of Jilin, whose power reached the Sea of Japan. These areas deep in Manchuria were closed off to Han Chinese migration.

However, in 1858 and 1860 the Qing government gave up all land beyond the Amur and Ussuri Rivers to Russia, cutting China off from the Sea of Japan and giving Heilongjiang its present northern borders. At the same time, Manchuria was opened to Han Chinese migration by the Qing government. By the early 20th century the Han Chinese had become the dominant ethnic group in the region. In 1932 present-day Heilongjiang became part of the Japanese puppet state of Manchukuo.

After Japanese defeat in 1945, Soviet forces entered Manchuria, and gave the Chinese communists control over most of the area. Heilongjiang was the first complete province to be controlled by the Chinese cocmmunists, Harbin the first major city. From Manchuria, the communists were able to conduct the initial phases of the Chinese Civil War.

At the beginning of communist rule, Heilongjiang province included only the western portion of the present-day province, and had its capital at Qiqihar. The remaining area was the province of Songjiang, with capital Harbin. In 1954 these two provinces were merged into present-day Heilongjiang. During the Cultural Revolution Heilongjiang was also expanded to include Hulunbuir League and some other areas previously in Inner Mongolia; this has since been mostly reversed.

Geography

Heilongjiang is a land of varied topography. Much of the province is dominated by mountain ranges such as the Da Xingan Mountains and Xiao Xingan Mountains (Greater and Lesser Khingan), Zhangguangcai Mountains, Laoye Mountains, and Wanda Mountains. The highest peak is Mount Datudingzi at 1690 m, located on the border with Jilin province.

The interior of the province, which is relatively flat and low in altitude, contains the Songhua River, the Nen River, and the Mudan River, all tributaries of the Amur, while the northern border forms part of the Amur valley.

Lake Xingkai (Lake Khanka) is found on the border with Russia's Primorsky Krai.

Major cities:

• Harbin
• Qiqihar
• Mudanjiang
• Jiamusi
• Yichun
• Daqing
• Heihe
• Shuangyashan

Demographics

Culture

Tourism

Subdivisions

Heilongjiang is made up of 12 prefecture-level cities and 1 prefecture. These prefectures are subdivided into 19 county-level cities, 45 counties, 1 autonomous county and 65 urban districts.

Prefecture level	County Level
Harbin City 哈尔滨市 Hā'ěrbīn Shì	Daoli District (道里区 Dàolǐ Qū) Nan'gang District (南岗区 Nán'gǎng Qū) Dongli District (动力区 Dònglì Qū) Pingfang District (平房区 Píngfáng Qū) Xiangfang District (香坊区 Xiāngfáng Qū) Daowai District (道外区 Dàowài Qū) Songbei District (松北区 Sōngběi Qū) Hulan District (呼兰区 Hūlán Qū) Acheng City (阿城市 Āchéng Shì) Shangzhi City (尚志市 Shàngzhì Shì) Shuangcheng City (双城市 Shuāngchéng Shì) Wuchang City (五常市 Wǔcháng Shì) Fangzheng County (方正县 Fāngzhèng Xiàn) Binxian County (宾县 Bīn Xiàn) Yilan County (依兰县 Yīlán Xiàn) Bayan County (巴彦县 Bāyàn Xiàn) Tonghe County (通河县 Tōnghé Xiàn) Mulan County (木兰县 Mùlán Xiàn) Yanshou County (延寿县 Yánshòu Xiàn)
Qiqihar City 齐齐哈尔市 Qíqíhā'ěr Shì)	Longsha District (龙沙区 Lóngshā Qū) Ang'angxi District (昂昂溪区 Áng'ángxī Qū) Tiefeng District (铁峰区 Tiěfēng Qū) Jianhua District (建华区 Jiànhuá Qū) Fularji District (富拉尔基区 Fùlā'ěrjī Qū) Nianzishan District (碾子山区 Niǎnzishān Qū) Meilisi Daur District (梅里斯达斡尔族区 Méilǐsī Dáwò'ěrzú Qū) Nehe City (讷河市 Nēhé Shì) Fuyu County (富裕县 Fùyù Xiàn) Baiquan County (拜泉县 Bàiquán Xiàn) Gannan County (甘南县 Gānnán Xiàn) Yi'an County (依安县 Yī'ān Xiàn) Keshan County (克山县 Kèshān Xiàn) Tailai County (泰来县 Tàilái Xiàn) Kedong County (克东县 Kèdōng Xiàn) Longjiang County (龙江县 Lóngjiāng Xiàn)
Hegang City 鹤岗市 Hègǎng Shì	Xingshan District (兴山区 Xìngshān Qū) Gongnong District (工农区 Gōngnóng Qū) Nanshan District (南山区 Nánshān Qū) Xing'an District (兴安区 Xīng'ān Qū) Xiangyang District (向阳区 Xiàngyáng Qū) Dongshan District (东山区 Dōngshān Qū) Luobei County (萝北县 Luóběi Xiàn) Suibin County (绥滨县 Suíbīn Xiàn)
Shuangyashan City 双鸭山市 Shuāngyāshān shì)	Jianshan District (尖山区 Jiānshān Qū) Lingdong District (岭东区 Lǐngdōng Qū) Sifangtai District (四方台区 Sìfāngtái Qū) Baoshan District (宝山区 Bǎoshān Qū) Jixian County (集贤县 Jíxián Xiàn) Baoqing County (宝清县 Bǎoqīng Xiàn) Youyi County (友谊县 Yǒuyì Xiàn) Raohe County (饶河县 Ráohé Xiàn)
Jixi City 鸡西市 Jīxī Shì	Jiguan District (鸡冠区 Jīguān Qū) Hengshan District (恒山区 Héngshān Qū) Chengzihe District (城子河区 Chéngzǐhé Qū) Didao District (滴道区 Dīdào Qū) Lishu District (梨树区 Líshù Qū) Mashan District (麻山区 Máshān Qū) Mishan City (密山市 Mìshān Shì) Hulin City (虎林市 Hǔlín Shì) Jidong County (鸡东县 Jīdōng Xiàn)
Daqing City 大庆市 Dàqìng Shì	Sartu District (萨尔图区 Sà'ěrtú Qū) Honggang District (红岗区 Hónggǎng Qū) Longfeng District (龙凤区 Lóngfèng Qū) Ranghulu District (让胡路区 Rànghúlù Qū) Datong District (大同区 Dàtóng Qū) Lindian County (林甸县 Líndiàn Xiàn) Zhaozhou County (肇州县 Zhàozhōu Xiàn) Zhaoyuan County (肇源县 Zhàoyuán Xiàn) Dörbed Mongol Autonomous County (杜尔伯特蒙古族自治县 Dù'ěrbótè Měnggǔzú Zìzhìxiàn)
Yichun City 伊春市 Yīchūn Shì	Yichun District (伊春区 Yīchūn Qū) Dailing District (带岭区 Dàilǐng Qū) Nancha District (南岔区 Nánchà Qū) Jinshantun District (金山屯区 Jīnshāntún Qū) Xilin District (西林区 Xīlín Qū) Meixi District (美溪区 Měixī Qū) Wumahe District (乌马河区 Wūmǎhé Qū) Cuiluan District (翠峦区 Cuìluán Qū) Youhao District (友好区 Yǒuhǎo Qū) Shangganling District (上甘岭区 Shànggānlǐng Qū) Wuying District (五营区 Wǔyíng Qū) Hongxing District (红星区 Hóngxīng Qū) Xinqing District (新青区 Xīnqīng Qū) Tangwanghe District (汤旺河区 Tāngwànghé Qū) Wuyiling District (乌伊岭区 Wūyīlǐng Qū) Tieli City (铁力市 Tiělì Shì) Jiayin County (嘉荫县 Jiāyīn Xiàn)
Mudanjiang City 牡丹江市 Mǔdānjiāng Shì	Aimin District (爱民区 Àimín Qū) Dong'an District (东安区 Dōng'ān Qū) Yangming District (阳明区 Yángmíng Qū) Xi'an District (西安区 Xī'ān Qū) Suifenhe City (绥芬河市 Suífēnhé Shi) Ning'an City (宁安市 Níng'ān Shì) Hailin City (海林市 Hǎilín Shì) Muleng City (穆棱市 Mùléng Shì) Linkou County (林口县 Línkǒu Xiàn) Dongning County (东宁县 Dōngníng Xiàn)
Jiamusi City 佳木斯市 Jiāmùsī Shì	Qianjin District (前进区 Qiánjìn Qū) Yonghong District (永红区 Yǒnghóng Qū) Xiangyang District (向阳区 Xiàngyáng Qū) Dongfeng District (东风区 Dōngfēng Qū) Jiaoqu District (郊区 Jiāo Qū) Tongjiang City (同江市 Tóngjiāng Shì) Fujin City (富锦市 Fùjǐn Shì) Huachuan County (桦川县 Huàchuān Xiàn) Fuyuan County (抚远县 Fǔyuǎn Xiàn) Huanan County (桦南县 Huànán Xiàn) Tangyuan County (汤原县 Tāngyuán Xiàn)
Qitaihe City 七台河市 Qītáihé Shì	Taoshan District (桃山区 Táoshān Qū) Xinxing District (新兴区 Xīnxīng Qū) Qiezihe District (茄子河区 Qiézihé Qū) Boli County (勃利县 Bólì Xiàn)
Heihe City 黑河市 Hēihé Shì	Aihui District (爱辉区 Àihuī Qū) Bei'an City (北安市 Běi'ān Shì) Wudalianchi City (五大连池市 Wǔdàliánchí Shì) Xunke County (逊克县 Xùnkè Xiàn) Nenjiang County (嫩江县 Nènjiāng Xiàn) Sunwu County (孙吴县 Sūnwú Xiàn)
Suihua City 绥化市 Suíhuà Shì	Beilin District (北林区 Běilín Qū) Anda City (安达市 Āndá Shì) Zhaodong City (肇东市 Zhàodōng Shì) Hailun City (海伦市 Hǎilún Shì) Suileng County (绥棱县 Suíléng Xiàn) Lanxi County (兰西县 Lánxī Xiàn) Mingshui County (明水县 Míngshuǐ Xiàn) Qinggang County (青冈县 Qīnggāng Xiàn) Qing'an County (庆安县 Qìng'ān Xiàn) Wangkui County (望奎县 Wàngkuí Xiàn)
Daxing'anling Prefecture 大兴安岭地区 Dàxīng'ānlǐng Dìqū	Jiagedaqi District (加格达奇区 Jiāgédáqí Qū) 1 Songling District (松岭区 Sōnglǐng Qū) 1 Huzhong District (呼中区 Hūzhōng Qū) 2 Xinlin District (新林区 Xīnlín Qū) 2 Huma County (呼玛县 Hūmǎ Xiàn) Tahe County (塔河县 Tǎhé Xiàn) Mohe County (漠河县 Mòhé Xiàn)

¹ — Nominally part of Oroqin Autonomous Banner, Inner Mongolia. Not a formal level of government. Not formally part of Heilongjiang province.
² — Nominally part of Huma County. Not a formal level of government.

Miscellaneous topics

Colleges and universities

• Harbin Institute of Technology