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UniversityA university is an institution of higher education and of research, which grants academic degrees. A university provides both tertiary and quaternary education.
History
Arguably the first university was the Academy founded in 387 BC by the Greek philosopher Plato in the grove of Academos near Athens, where students were taught philosophy, mathematics and gymnastics.
The first European medieval universities were established in Italy and France in the Middle Ages for the study of law, medicine, and theology. Before that, similar institutions already existed in the Islamic world, notably in Cairo. The most important Asian university was Nalanda, in Bihar, India, where the second century Buddhist philosopher Nagarjuna was based.
In Europe young men proceeded to the university when they had completed the study of the trivium: the preparatory arts of grammar, rhetoric, and logic; and the quadrivium: arithmetic, geometry, music, and astronomy.
Universities are generally established by statute or a charter. In the United Kingdom, a university is instituted by Royal Charter and only institutions with such a charter can award degrees of any kind.
In the last decades of the 20th century, a number of mega universities have been created, teaching with distance learning techniques.
Colloquial usage
Colloquially, the term University is used around the world for a phase in one's life: "when I was at university…"; the American equivalent is college: "when I was in college…". See college, §3, for further discussion.
See also
Related terms
- academia - academy - admission - alumnus - aula - Bologna process - business schools - campus - college - college and university rankings - dean - degree - diploma - discipline - dissertation - faculty - fraternities and sororities - graduate student - graduation - perpetual student - Privatdozent - professor - provost - rector - research - scholar - student - tenure - tuition - universal access
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Cornell University Archives
Inventories, records management policies, and exhibits. Features some online archival content including digitized campus photographs, speech transcripts, and electronic records.
http://rmc.library.cornell.edu/collections/subjects/archives.html
University of New Mexico Archives
Inventories, exhibits, and contact information. Features include photographs of UNM presidents and articles about UNM history.
http://www.unm.edu/~unmarchv/unmarchv.html
Tulane University Archives
Brief collection overview.
http://www.tulane.edu/~lmiller/archives.html
Auburn University
Inventories, subject-based collection lists, records management policies and forms, and an archives tutorial. Site features links to Alabama history websites, and an exhibit of photographs of and facts about buildings on the campus.
http://www.lib.auburn.edu/sca/
University of British Columbia Archives and Records Management Services
Inventories, records management policies and procedures, and exhibits. Features a searchable photograph and publications database, and an illustrated chronology of UBC history.
http://www.library.ubc.ca/archives/
University of Nottingham Manuscripts and Special Collections
Holds political, personal, family, estate, literary, scientific, business, university and ecclesiastical records. Online guide to collections.
http://mss.library.nottingham.ac.uk/
University of Dundee Archives
Records of this Scottish university, together with business, organisational, church, legal and private records, including plans and photographs. Location, opening hours, collections.
http://www.dundee.ac.uk/archives/
Trent University (Ontario, Canada) Archives
Houses private manuscripts and regional collections as well as university records. Includes subject guides, inventories, an archives tutorial, an administrative history of the University, and some digitized photographs.
http://www.trentu.ca/library/archives/
Gateway to Archives of Scottish Higher Education
GASHE is a project to provide online access to collection descriptions for the archives of Scottish universities. Ten institutions are currently participating, including the Glasgow School of Art, the University of Edinburgh, and the University of Glasgow.
http://www.gashe.ac.uk
University of California, Irvine University Archives
Features topical guides and help pages for transferring records to the Archives.
http://www.lib.uci.edu/libraries/collections/special/universityarchives.html
University of Southampton Libraries Special Collections
Searchable archives of the papers of the Duke of Wellington and Lord Palmerston, as well as surveys of the papers of senior defence personnel and the Jewish Archives in the UK and Eire.
http://www.archives.lib.soton.ac.uk/
Indiana University Archives
Searchable finding aids, transfer policies and retention schedules, collections overview, and contact information. Features an illustrated chronology of the University, recent board minutes, and reports from the NHPRC-funded Indiana University Electronic Records Project.
http://www.indiana.edu/~libarch/
University of Massachusetts Lowell - Center for Lowell History
The Center maintains subject-based collections as well as the records of the university. The site features collection descriptions and exhibits.
http://library.uml.edu/clh/
Iowa State University Archives
Includes inventories, exhibits, transfer guidelines, and contact information.
http://www.lib.iastate.edu/spcl/arch/index.html
University of Michigan - Bentley Historical Library
Information on library's holdings in University Archives and Michigan Historical Collections. Includes reference services, exhibits, inventories and digitized photographs.
http://www.umich.edu/~bhl/
University of Southern California Archives
A listing of archival holdings including a few inventories, contact information and research policies.
http://www.usc.edu/isd/locations/ssh/special/uscarchives/index.html
Glasgow University Archive Services
Research resource centre for history of the University of Glasgow and Scottish business. Subject strengths: records management, archival training, education, science, industry, art, architecture, banking, locomotives, retailing, shipbuilding, textiles, whisky.
http://www.archives.gla.ac.uk/
Brandeis University (Waltham, MA) - Robert D. Farber University Archives and Special Collections Department
Includes inventories, subject-based listings, and records management policies and schedules. Features several exhibits on the history of the University.
http://www.library.brandeis.edu/SpecialCollections/
University of Oregon Archives
Features links to finding aids, photograph inventories, digitized photographs, records retention schedules, and instructions for transferring records to the Archives.
http://libweb.uoregon.edu/speccoll/archives/index.html
Marquette University Archives
Features access to finding aids, visitor information, and an electronic pathfinder for undergraduate research topics.
http://www.marquette.edu/library/collections/archives/UAintro.html
Central Valley Political Archive
Provides access to the papers of U.S. congressmen and state legislators. Topics include water, reclamation, crime, education, transportation, and agriculture.
http://www.cvparchive.org
University of Saskatchewan Archives
Holdings include University administrative records; publications; manuscripts of faculty, staff and alumni; campus organizations; photographs; architectural drawings and plans; and film, video and sound recordings.
http://www.usask.ca/archives/
University of Regina Archives
Holdings document the history of the university, including publications; student records; and papers relating to visual art, journalism and literature.
http://www.uregina.ca/library/libraries/Archives/
Alfred University's Special Collections and Archives in Herrick Memorial Library
The repository for official and unofficial records that document the university's history. Mission statement and description of the collections.
http://www.herr.alfred.edu/special/
Northeastern University Libraries Archives and Special Collections
Collects records from Northeastern University and from social justice organizations serving Boston's diverse, under-documented populations. Site includes information about the collections and how to use them.
http://www.lib.neu.edu/archives
Drew University Library: Special Collections
Includes letters of the Wesley family, Methodist periodicals, Maser and Prinster prayer books, hymnology collection and 19th century pamphlets, as well as documents of Bela Kornitzer, Eliot Porter, Georges Simenon, George D. Kelsey and Carl Michalson. In Madison, NJ.
http://www.depts.drew.edu/lib/special.html
Oregon State University Archives
Contains retention schedule for all university records; illustrated guides to historical records, emphasizing agriculture, forestry, engineering, and marine resources; and photographic exhibits. Features include the online Archives and Records Management Handbook.
http://osulibrary.oregonstate.edu/archives/
University of Victoria Archives
UVic Archives is comprised of UVic institutional archives, private archives from the university community, and private archives relating to the history of the geographical region. The site includes inventories, an archival catalog, records management resources, and archival links. Features an illustrated essay on the history of the campus site, and a "Directory of Records" database.
http://gateway.uvic.ca/archives/
University of Illinois Archives
The Archives collects material from the University system, and from the Urbana-Champaign campus. The website includes an overview of the archives, finding aids, policies and procedures, and a searchable database of records series. Features a recent annual report, and the detailed "Guide to Student Life and Culture Sources in the UI Archives."
http://web.library.uiuc.edu/ahx/
University of Pennsylvania Archives & Records Center
Collection overview, exhibits, contact information, and records management and transfer policies. Features descriptions and examples of photograph collections.
http://www.archives.upenn.edu/
University of Melbourne Archives
The Archives includes subject-based and regional collections as well as the University Archives. The website includes searchable collection descriptions, and features a searchable catalogue of digitized photographs.
http://www.lib.unimelb.edu.au/collections/archives/
University of Missouri at Columbia Archives
Includes exhibits, finding aids, topical guides, and contact information.
http://muarchives.missouri.edu/
Michigan State University Archives and Historical Collections
Features instructions for the University Records Program, online exhibits, collection descriptions, and information on services for faculty and staff.
http://www.msu.edu/unit/msuarhc/
Syracuse University Archives and Records Management
Web site features retention schedules, online exhibits, collection descriptions, and articles on Syracuse University history.
http://archives.syr.edu/
Oberlin College Archives
The Oberlin College Archives holds the permanently valuable records of the institution as well as those of individuals, families and organizations affiliated with Oberlin College or the town of Oberlin. Included are materials of movements with which Oberlin has been associated, such as antislavery, black education, coeducation, missions, and temperance. Web site features finding guides, records retention schedules and transfer guidelines, visitor information, and brief articles on Oberlin history.
http://www.oberlin.edu/archive
Washington University Archives
Includes guides to the collections, digitized photographs, visitor information, and brief articles on the history of the University.
http://library.wustl.edu/units/spec/archives/
University of New Hampshire Archives
Includes visitor information, finding aids, and a chronology with photographs and biographies of significant figures in the history of UNH.
http://www.izaak.unh.edu/archives/
University of Alberta Archives
Web site includes visitor information, a history of the Archives, a guide to the holdings, and resources for University records management.
http://www.ualberta.ca/ARCHIVES/
University of New Hampshire Library: Milne Special Collections and Archives
Published items, manuscripts, maps, photographs and other visual media and recordings, many related to the state. In Durham, NH.
http://www.izaak.unh.edu/specoll/
Archives of the University of Notre Dame
Collection of papers of prominent Catholic institutions and individuals, as well as records of the university.
http://www.nd.edu/~archives/
Yale University Archives and Records Program
Detailed evaluation, transfer and retrieval instructions for Yale staff in possession of organizational records. Includes function-based retention schedules.
http://www.library.yale.edu/archives300/index.html
Alverno College (Milwaukee, WI) Archives
Finding aids, contact information and virtual exhibits. Features a timeline of the history of the College.
http://depts.alverno.edu/archives/archome
Curtin University of Technology (Australia) Records and Archives Office
Policies and procedures for records management, electronic records management, and transfer to the Archives. Much of the site is restricted to internal users.
http://www.curtin.edu.au/curtin/dept/rao/
Scripps Institution of Oceanography (UC San Diego) Archives
Inventories, contact information, and access policies. Features a chronology and bibliography on the history of the Institution, and digitized photographs.
http://scilib.ucsd.edu/sio/archives/index.html
UCLA University Archives
Subject-based holdings guides, inventories, transfer guidelines and contact information.
http://www.library.ucla.edu/libraries/special/scweb/archives.htm
Duke University Archives
Indexes to campus publications, collection descriptions, and contact information. Features articles on Duke University history, University administration and governance, Duke athletics, and the campus and its architecture.
http://www.duke.edu/web/Archives/
Harvard University Archives
Includes inventories, holdings summary, subject-based collection guides, access policies and procedures, and contact information. Features include a digital version of The Harvard Book--an illustrated history of the University published in 1875--and a bibliography on the history of Harvard.
http://hul.harvard.edu/huarc/index.htm
Ohio State University Archives
Records retention schedules, exhibits and contact information. Features inventories and exhibits from the Byrd Polar Research Center Archival Program.
http://www.lib.ohio-state.edu/OSU_profile/arvweb/index.htm
McGill University (Montreal, Canada) Archives
Inventories, records management policies and retention schedules, and transfer guidelines. Features a survey on managing university web sites, and a photograph exhibit on student life.
http://www.archives.mcgill.ca/
Northwestern University Archives
Includes inventories, donor instructions, exhibits, and contact information. Features biographies and photographs of notable Northwestern alumni.
http://www.library.northwestern.edu/archives/
Tufts University Digital Collections and Archives
Records management policies and procedures, an image database, inventories, and contact information. Features a searchable and browsable encyclopedia of Tufts history.
http://nils.lib.tufts.edu/archives/
Rutgers University Archives
Exhibits on Rutgers history, inventories, and contact information. Features collection management and development policy.
http://www.libraries.rutgers.edu/rulib/spcol/arch.htm
Archives Hub (UK)
A major national gateway to archive collections held in UK universities and colleges, forming part of the National Archives Network.
http://www.archiveshub.ac.uk/
University of California, Berkeley - The Bancroft Library
The Bancroft includes subject-based collections as well as the University of California systemwide records and the Berkeley campus archives. The site includes inventories, and contact and access information.
http://bancroft.berkeley.edu/
East Carolina University - University Archives
Includes contact and other basic information, illustrated inventories, and records management resources. Features include access to a database of university publications.
http://www.lib.ecu.edu/SpclColl/Archives/archives.html
Imperial College of Science, Technology and Medicine Archives
Holdings the papers of some of the most significant names of the nineteenth century scientific world. Description, catalogues, publications.
http://www.imperial.ac.uk/library/about_us/archives.htm
Oxford University Archives
List of collections, policies and procedures, and a history of the archives.
http://www.oua.ox.ac.uk/
Washington State University: Manuscripts, Archives, and Special Collections (MASC)
Collections consist of Washington Territorial imprints, early Washington State maps, rare titles concerning Pacific Northwest History, and the major part of the working library of Leonard and Virginia Woolf.
http://www.wsulibs.wsu.edu/holland/masc/masc.htm
Australian Digital Theses (ADT) Program
A project to create a national collaborative distributed database of digitised theses produced at Australian universities. The ADT database provides access to PhD and Masters by Research theses only.
http://adt.caul.edu.au/
University of Newcastle (Australia) Archives, Rare Books and Special Collections Unit
Includes information on the University's subject-based and regional manuscript collections, as well as the university archives. Features collection descriptions, and digital content including scanned photographs, manuscripts and books.
http://www.newcastle.edu.au/services/library/collections/archives/int/page2.html
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