Netherlands

Table of contents

1 History 2 Politics 3 Provinces & Dependencies 4 Geography 5 Economy 6 Demographics 7 Culture 7.1 Holidays 8 Miscellaneous topics 9 External links

History

Under Charles V, Holy Roman Emperor and king of Spain, the region was part of the Seventeen Provinces of the Netherlands, which also includes most of present-day Belgium. After gaining formal independence from Philip II, the son of Charles V in 1648, the Dutch, as the Republic of the Seven United Netherlands, grew to become one of the major seafaring and economic powers of the 17th century, referred to as the Golden Age in the Netherlands, establishing colonies and trade posts all over the globe.

After being incorporated in the French empire under Napoleon, a Dutch kingdom was formed with present-day Belgium and Luxembourg in 1815. The Belgians soon gained independence however (1830); Luxembourg fell under the Dutch monarchy as well but had different rules of ascendancy and broke away after the death of King William III. During the 19th century, the Netherlands was slow to industrialize compared to neighbouring countries.

After remaining neutral in World War I, the country was occupied by Nazi Germany in May 1940, to be fully liberated only in 1945. After the war, the Dutch economy prospered again, being a member of the economic Benelux and European Economic Community unions. The Netherlands also became a member of NATO.

The Netherlands was among the founding members of the European Union when it was formed in 1992.

Politics

The Netherlands has been a constitutional monarchy since 1815, after it had been a republic from 1581 to 1806 (it was occupied by France between 1806 and 1815).

Head of state, since 1980, is Queen Beatrix of the House of Orange-Nassau. Formally, she appoints the members of the government. In practice, once the results of parliamentary elections are known, a coalition government is made (a process which might take several months), after which the government formed in this way is officially appointed by the queen. The head of the government is the Prime Minister or Minister President who is usually also the head of the largest party in the coalition.

The parliament consists of two houses. Elections for the 150 members of the Lower House (Tweede Kamer, or Second Chamber) take place every four years, or earlier when the Lower House has taken a no-confidence motion against the government. The less important Senate (Eerste Kamer, or First Chamber) is chosen every four years after the provincial elections by the just chosen members of the provincial parliaments. Together, the First and Second Chamber are known as the Staten Generaal, the States General.

Political scientists consider the Netherlands a classic example of a consociational state.

See also Prime Minister of the Netherlands, List of Prime Ministers of the Netherlands

Provinces & Dependencies

Map of the Netherlands | Larger size

The Netherlands is divided into 12 administrative regions, called provincies (provinces):

• Groningen - in the northeast
• Fryslân - north
• Drenthe - northeast, south of Groningen
• Overijssel - east, south of Drenthe
• Flevoland - central, in the IJsselmeer
• Guelders - (Gelderland) east central, south of Overijssel
• Utrecht - central
• North Holland - (Noord-Holland) northwest
• South Holland - (Zuid-Holland) west central, south of North Holland
• Zeeland - southwest
• North Brabant - (Noord-Brabant) south
• Limburg - southeast, stretching into Belgium.

A number of islands in the Caribbean Sea are dependencies of the Netherlands: the Netherlands Antilles (Nederlandse Antillen), a group of five islands, and Aruba, formerly part of the Antilles.

Geography

A remarkable aspect of the Netherlands is the flatness of the country. About half the country is less than 1 meter above sea level, and large parts of it are actually below sea level (see map showing these areas). The highest point, the Vaalserberg, in the southeasternmost point of the country, is 321 m above sea level. Many low areas are protected by dikes and sea walls. Parts of the Netherlands, for example almost all of Flevoland province, have been reclaimed from the sea - these areas are known as polders.

The country is divided into two main parts by three rivers Rhine (Rijn), Waal and Meuse (Maas). There are several dialects spoken north and south of these great rivers.

The predominant wind direction in the Netherlands is southwest, which causes a moderate maritime climate, with cool summers and mild winters.

Also of interest: National parks (Netherlands), Zuiderzee Works.

Economy

The Netherlands has a prosperous and open economy in which the government has successfully reduced its role since the 1980s. Industrial activity is predominantly in food-processing, chemicals, petroleum refining, and electrical machinery. A highly mechanised agricultural sector employs no more than 4% of the labor force but provides large surpluses for the food-processing industry and for exports. The Dutch rank third worldwide in value of agricultural exports, behind the US and France. The Netherlands successfully addressed the issue of public finances and stagnating job growth long before its European partners.

As a founding member of the Euro, the Netherlands replaced its former currency, the guilder, on January 1 1999 along with the other adopters of the single European currency, with the actual euro coins and banknotes following on January 1 2002.

Demographics

Source | Copyright

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Dutch population pyramid
(in % of total population)

%	Male																						Age	Female																						%
0.36																							85+																							1.05
0.60				Webmasters: Add your website here: Readers: Edit | Discuss Listings Introduction to Curacao Get a tour of this Caribbean Island that's part of Netherland's Antilles. Includes info on flora and fauna, sports, plus a slide show. http://www.interknowledge.com/curacao/intro.htm Keukenhof Visit this great garden in Holland that features world famous tulip displays. http://www.keukenhof.nl/ Madurodam - Holland in Miniature Take a virtual tour of this miniature city, learn about visiting in person, or take the children's quiz to test your knowledge. Also in Dutch. http://www.madurodam.nl/ Netherlands Map Overview of culture, history, economy, currency, government, people, education and languages. http://www.map.freegk.com/netherlands/netherlands.php Natuurhistorisch Museum Maastricht Visit this museum in Maastricht, Netherlands that has extensive collections on the geology, palaeontology, flora, and fauna of southern Limburg and the area around it. Also available in Dutch. Requires Flash. http://www.nhmmaastricht.nl/engels/ Van Gogh Museum Offers a timeline of the artist's life and samples of his work. Located in Amsterdam, Netherlands and written in English and Dutch. http://www.vangoghmuseum.nl/ Hartog, Dirk Read about this Dutch explorer who visited the Australian coastline in 1616. http://members.iinet.net.au/~rchapman/SwanRvr/European/hartog.htm Het Rembrandthuis, Amsterdam This museum is located in the house where Rembrandt lived and worked. http://www.rembrandthuis.nl/index2.php?zet_koekie=ja&taalkeuze=en MapZones: Netherlands Check out maps of the Netherlands and read brief descriptions of the country's culture, history, economy, government, language, people, and educational resources. http://kids.mapzones.com/world/netherlands/ CultureGrams: Netherlands Fun cultural facts, country flag and its symbolism, national anthem, map, and demographic data. http://onlineedition.culturegrams.com/world/world_country.php?contid=5&wmn=Europe&cid=111&cn=Netherlands Dutch Letterbox Site Learn about this activity that combines orienteering and treasure hunting and get details on letterboxing in the Netherlands in Dutch or English. http://home.wanadoo.nl/letterboxing/engels.htm Early Dutch Landfall Discoveries of Australia Maps and information about when Dutch explorers set foot on the Australian continent. http://www.newmanjunior.wa.edu.au/West/dutch.htm