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Broadcasting

Television and radio programs are distributed through radio broadcasting or cable, often both simultaneously. By coding signals and having decoding equipment in the homes, the latter also enables subscription based channels and pay-per-view services.

A broadcasting organisation may broadcast several programs at the same time, through several channels (frequencies), for example BBC 1 and 2. On the other hand, two or more organisations may share a channel and each use it during a fixed part of the day. When broadcasting is done via the Internet the term webcasting is often used.

Broadcasting forms a segment of the mass media.

Table of contents

1 Business models of broadcasting 2 Recorded or live 3 Broadcasting organizations 4 Related topics 5 External links

Business models of broadcasting

There are several dominant business models of broadcasting. Each differs in the method by which stations are funded:

• By individually donated time and energy
• By direct government payments
• By indirect government payments, such as radio and television licenses
• By grants from foundations or business entities
• By selling advertising or sponsorship
• By public subscription

Recorded or live

One can distinguish between recorded and live broadcasts. The former allows correcting errors, and removing superfluous or undesired material, rearranging it, applying slow-motion and repetitions, and other techniques to enhance the program.

American radio network broadcasters habitually forbade prerecorded broadcasts in the 1930s and 1940s, requiring radio programs played for the Eastern and Central time zones to be repeated three hours later for the Pacific time zone. This restriction was dropped for special, as in the case of the German dirigible airship Hindenburg at Lakehurst, New Jersey, in 1937. During World War II prerecorded broadcasts from war correspondents were allowed on U.S. radio. In addition, American radio programs were recorded for playback by American Forces Radio stations around the world.

A disadvantage of recording first is that the public may know the outcome of an event from another source, which may be a spoiler. In addition, prerecording prevents live announcers from deviating from an officially-approved script, as occurred with propaganda broadcasts from Germany in the 1940s and with Radio Moscow in the 1980s.

An intermediate form is a delay of a few seconds, to suppress obscenity and technical failures.

Broadcasting organizations

Belgium

• Canvas
• Ketnet
• VRT
• RTBF

• TF1
• France Télévisions: France 2, France 3, France 5
• Canal Plus
• Arte

• ARD
• ZDF
• WDR
• NDR
• SWF
• HRF
• BRF
• RTL Group: RTL, ...
• Arte

• TVB [1]
• ATV [1]

• RUV [1] Iceland's Main Television and Radio broadcaster, owns RUV (Ríkísútvarpið) and RAS1 and RAS2 (National Radio, non-commercial)
• Stod2 [1] Iceland's 2nd TV Service, more like the British ITV in that it is supported by advertising.

• RTÉ [1] Ireland's state broadcaster, responsible for the 2 biggest channels
• TV3 [1] A commercial station, set up to provide some competition to RTÉ
• TG4 [1] A state channel, independent from RTÉ, broadcasting mostly Irish-language programming

• RAIUNO [1]
• RAIDUE

• AVRO
• EO
• IKON
• KRO
• NCRV
• TROS
• VARA
• Veronica
• VPRO
• Teleac
• BNN
• NOS
• RTL Group: RTL 4, RTL 5, Yorin
• SBS: SBS 6
• Fox
• TMF [1]
• Canal Plus Rood and Blauw (pay channels)

• Maori Television State-funded broadcaster in both Maori and English
• Radio New Zealand State-funded broadcaster (AM and FM) producing National Programme and Concert FM

• NRK: NRK-1 and NRK-2 National Terrestrial Broadcaster
• TV2 link National Terrestrial Broadcaster
• CanalDigital link Satellite Broadcaster
• Viasat link Satellite Broadcaster
• Telenor Avidi link Cable Operator
• Norkring link Terrestrial Broadcasting Company

• TRT

• BBC
• ITV
• Channel 4
• RTL Group: Five
• Sky

• ABC
• Azteca America
• CBS
• CNBC
• CNN
• Discovery Channel
• Disney Channel
• ESPN
• Fox
• HBO
• HSN
• MSNBC
• MTV
• National Geographic
• NBC
• PAX Network
• PBS
• QVC
• TeleFutura
• Telemundo
• The WB
• Univisión
• UPN
• VH1

• Radio 1

• History of broadcasting
• Dead air

• www.eurotv.com, a West-European TV guide
• Waveguide Broadcasting News
• Lyngsat.com Lyngsat Global Satellite Listings